"कन्नडलिपिः" इत्यस्य संस्करणे भेदः

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पङ्क्तिः १६:
 
 
<!----The Kannada AKA Kannada alphabet (ಕನ್ನಡ ಲಿಪಿ) is an abugida of the Brahmic family,[1] used primarily to write the Kannada language, one of the Dravidian languages of southern India. Telugu script is derived from old kannada script.Kannada is second only to the Devanagari script in the number of languages using it in the Indian subcontinent[citation needed]. (script derived form Kadamba script | Old Kannada | Halegannada)[citation needed], Tulu Language, Banada Language, Konkani by the Konkani diaspora in coastal Karnataka.[2] Similarly, Goykanadi, a variant of Halekannada and Kadamba lipi has been historically used to write Konkani in the state of Goa.[3]
 
History
 
Kannada (Kanarese or Canarese) script is derived from the Old Kannada script.[4] Old Kannada script[5] which evolved around 10th century, is the continuation of the Kadamba script which in turn came during 4th century CE.
 
The Kadamba script is said to have evolved from the Proto-Kannada script (during 4th century CE).[6] The Kadamba script is also known as Pre-Old-Kannada script. The Proto-Kannada evolved from the ancient Brahmi script around 3rd century BCE.
 
Evolution
Halmidi Inscription Replica
 
Over the centuries some changes have been made to the Kannada script. These changes consist of:
 
Modification of existing glyphs: In the early Kannada [Telugu-Kannada] script, no orthographic distinction was made between the short mid [e, o] ಎ, ಒ and long mid [eː, oː] ಏ, ಓ. However, distinct signs were employed to denote the special consonants viz. the trill [r] ಱ the retroflex lateral [ɭ] ಳ and the retroflex palatal [ɺ] ೞ found only in South Indian languages, by 5th century.
Introduction of new characters: Kannada script includes characters like [ç] ಶ, [ʂ] ಷ, [rɨ] ಋ, [rɨː] ೠ, [lɨ] ఌ, [lɨː] ౡ, [eʲ] ಐ, [oʷ] ಔ, [am] ಅಂ, [ah] ಅಃ, and mahāprāṇa characters like [kʰ] ಖ, [ɡʱ] ಘ, [tʃʰ] ಛ, [dʒʱ] ಝ, [t̪ʰ] ಥ, [d̪ʱ] ಧ, [ʈʰ] ಠ, [ɖʱ] ಢ, [pʰ] ಫ, [bʱ] ಭ. The introduction was done so that Sanskrit (and loanwords into the Kannada language from the donor language Sanskrit) could be written using the Kannada script.
 
These changes have facilitated the use of the Kannada script for writing many of the literary Indic languages, including Sanskrit.
General
 
Kannada script has forty-nine characters in its alphasyllabary and is phonemic. The Kannada character set is almost identical to that of other Indian languages. The number of written symbols, however, is far more than the 49 characters in the alphasyllabary, because different characters can be combined to form compound characters (ottaksharas). Each written symbol in the Kannada script corresponds with one syllable, as opposed to one phoneme in languages like English. The Kannada writing system is an abugida, with consonants appearing with an inherent vowel.
 
The characters are classified into three categories: swaras (vowels), vyanjanas (consonants) and Yogavaahakas (part vowel, part consonants).
 
The name given for a pure, true letter is akshara, akkara or varna. Each letter has its own form (ākāra) and sound (shabda); providing the visible and audible representations, respectively. Kannada is written from left to right.[7] Kannada alphabet (aksharamale or varnamale) now consists of 49 letters.[8]
 
Each sound has its own distinct letter, and therefore every word is pronounced exactly as it is spelt; so the ear is a sufficient guide. After the exact sounds of the letters have been once gained, every word can be pronounced with perfect accuracy. The accent falls on the first syllable.[7] Each consonant sound has two distinct pronunciations:
 
short/brief one(ಕ್, also known as hrasva, ಹ್ರಸ್ವ), without any vowel.
long/normal one (ಕ, also known as deergha, ದೀರ್ಘ), in union with the first vowel(ಅ).
 
The sound with normal pronunciation (deergha) is generally used in the varnamala or aksharamala.---->
 
==स्वरवर्णाः==
 
{| class="wikitable"
! कन्नडवर्णाः
! देवनागरीवर्णाः
! [[ISO 15919|ऐ एस् ओ]] चिह्नानि
! यूनिकोड नामानि
|-
| <span style="font-size:200%">{{lang|kn|ಅ}}</span>
|अ
|a
|KANNADA LETTER A
|-
| <span style="font-size:200%">{{lang|kn|ಆ}}</span>
|आ
|KANNADA LETTER AA
|-
| <span style="font-size:200%">{{lang|kn|ಇ}}</span>
|इ
|i
|KANNADA LETTER E
|-
| <span style="font-size:200%">{{lang|kn|ಈ}}</span>
|ई
|KANNADA LETTER EE
|-
| <span style="font-size:200%">{{lang|kn|ಉ}}</span>
|उ
|u
|KANNADA LETTER U
|-
| <span style="font-size:200%">{{lang|kn|ಊ}}</span>
|ऊ
|KANNADA LETTER UU
|-
| <span style="font-size:200%">{{lang|kn|ಋ}}</span>
|ऋ
|r̥
|KANNADA LETTER VOCALIC R
|-
|<span style="font-size:200%">{{lang|kn|ೠ}}</span>
|ॠ
|r̥̄
|KANNADA LETTER VOCALIC RR{{ref}}
|-
| <span style="font-size:200%">{{lang|kn|ಎ}}</span>
|ऎ
|e
|KANNADA LETTER E
|-
| <span style="font-size:200%">{{lang|kn|ಏ}}</span>
|ए
|KANNADA LETTER EE
|-
| <span style="font-size:200%">{{lang|kn|ಐ}}</span>
|ऐ
|ai
|KANNADA LETTER AI
|-
| <span style="font-size:200%">{{lang|kn|ಒ}}</span>
|ऒ
|o
|KANNADA LETTER O
|-
| <span style="font-size:200%">{{lang|kn|ಓ}}</span>
|ओ
|KANNADA LETTER OO
|-
| <span style="font-size:200%">{{lang|kn|ಔ}}</span>
|औ
|au
|KANNADA LETTER AU
|}
 
 
== योगवाहकाः ==
वर्णमालायां योगवाहकौ (आंशिकस्वरः, आंशिकव्यञ्जनम्) द्वौ स्तः एतौ-
# अनुस्वरः <span style="font-size:200%"> {{lang|kn|ಅಂ}}</span> '''अम्'''(am)
# विसर्गः <span style="font-size:200%"> {{lang|kn|ಅಃ}}</span> '''अः'''(ah)
 
अन्यद्वौ योगवाहकौ संस्कृते स्तः । कन्नडवर्णमालायाम् एतौ '''अर्धविसर्गः''' इति नाम्ना ख्यातौ ।
# जिह्वामूलीय <span style="font-size:200%"> {{lang|kn|ೱ}}</span>
# उपधमानीय <span style="font-size:200%"> {{lang|kn|ೲ}}</span>
 
==व्यञ्जनवर्णाः==
वर्णानाम् उच्चारणस्थान-प्रकारभेदेन वर्णमाला संरचिता अधः विद्यमाने कोष्टके प्रदर्शितम्-
{| class="wikitable"
! !! अघोषवर्णाः
! उष्म-अघोषवर्णाः
! घोषवर्णाः
! उष्म-घोषवर्णाः
! अनुनासिकवर्णाः
|-
! कण्ठवर्णाः
| <span style="font-size:200%">{{lang|kn|ಕ}}</span> '''क'''(ka)
| <span style="font-size:200%">{{lang|kn|ಖ}}</span> '''ख'''(kha)
| <span style="font-size:200%">{{lang|kn|ಗ}}</span> '''ग'''(ga)
| <span style="font-size:200%">{{lang|kn|ಘ}}</span> '''घ'''(gha)
| <span style="font-size:200%">{{lang|kn|ಙ}}</span> '''ङ'''(nga)
|-
! तालव्यवर्णाः
| <span style="font-size:200%">{{lang|kn|ಚ}}</span> '''च'''(cha)
| <span style="font-size:200%">{{lang|kn|ಛ}}</span> '''छ'''(chha)
| <span style="font-size:200%">{{lang|kn|ಜ}}</span> '''ज'''(ja)
| <span style="font-size:200%">{{lang|kn|ಝ}}</span> '''झ'''(jha)
| <span style="font-size:200%">{{lang|kn|ಞ}}</span> '''ञ'''(IAST ña, यूनिकोड nya)
|-
! मूर्धन्यवर्णाः
| <span style="font-size:200%">{{lang|kn|ಟ}}</span> '''ट'''(IAST {{IAST|ṭa}}, यूनिकोड tta)
| <span style="font-size:200%">{{lang|kn|ಠ}}</span> '''ठ'''(IAST {{IAST|ṭha}}, यूनिकोड ttha)
| <span style="font-size:200%">{{lang|kn|ಡ}}</span> '''ड'''(IAST {{IAST|ḍa}}, यूनिकोड dda)
| <span style="font-size:200%">{{lang|kn|ಢ}}</span> '''ढ'''(IAST {{IAST|ḍha}}, यूनिकोड ddha)
| <span style="font-size:200%">{{lang|kn|ಣ}}</span> '''ण'''(IAST {{IAST|ṇa}}, यूनिकोड nna)
|-
! दन्तवर्णाः
| <span style="font-size:200%">{{lang|kn|ತ}}</span> '''त'''(ta)
| <span style="font-size:200%">{{lang|kn|ಥ}}</span> '''थ'''(tha)
| <span style="font-size:200%">{{lang|kn|ದ}}</span> '''द'''(da)
| <span style="font-size:200%">{{lang|kn|ಧ}}</span> '''ध'''(dha)
| <span style="font-size:200%">{{lang|kn|ನ}}</span> '''न'''(na)
|-
! ओष्ठवर्णाः
| <span style="font-size:200%">{{lang|kn|ಪ}}</span> '''प'''(pa)
| <span style="font-size:200%">{{lang|kn|ಫ}}</span> '''फ'''(pha)
| <span style="font-size:200%">{{lang|kn|ಬ}}</span> '''ब'''(ba)
| <span style="font-size:200%">{{lang|kn|ಭ}}</span> '''भ'''(bha)
| <span style="font-size:200%">{{lang|kn|ಮ}}</span> '''म'''(ma)
|}
 
 
 
===अन्तस्थवर्णाः===
वर्णानाम् उच्चारणस्थानभेदेन अन्तस्थवर्णाः भवन्ति-
 
<span style="font-size:200%">'''{{lang|kn|ಯ}}'''</span> '''य'''(ya),
<span style="font-size:200%">'''{{lang|kn|ರ}}'''</span> '''र'''(ra),
<span style="font-size:200%">'''{{lang|kn|ಱ}}'''</span> (ṟa)(अप्रसिद्धवर्णः),
<span style="font-size:200%">'''{{lang|kn|ಲ}}'''</span> '''ल'''(la),
<span style="font-size:200%">'''{{lang|kn|ವ}}'''</span> '''व'''(va),
 
===उष्मवर्णाः===
<span style="font-size:200%">'''{{lang|kn|ಶ}}'''</span> '''श'''(IAST śa, यूनिकोड sha),
<span style="font-size:200%">'''{{lang|kn|ಷ}}'''</span> '''ष'''(IAST {{IAST|ṣa}}, यूनिकोड ssa),
<span style="font-size:200%">'''{{lang|kn|ಸ}}'''</span> '''स'''(sa),
<span style="font-size:200%">'''{{lang|kn|ಹ}}'''</span> '''ह'''(ha),
<span style="font-size:200%">'''{{lang|kn|ಳ}}'''</span> '''ळ'''(IAST {{IAST|ḷa}} यूनिकोड lla),
<span style="font-size:200%">'''{{lang|kn|ೞ}}'''</span> (ll)(अप्रसिद्धवर्णः)
 
== संख्याः ==
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan="2"|कन्नडसंख्याः !! colspan="2"| देवनागरीसंख्याः
|-
! संख्याः !! नाम !! संख्या !! नाम
|-
| <span style="font-size:200%">{{lang|kn|೦}}</span> || सोन्ने (ಸೊನ್ನೆ) sonne|| ० || शुन्यम्
|-
| <span style="font-size:200%">{{lang|kn|೧}}</span> || ओन्दु (ಒಂದು) ondu || १ || एकम्
|-
| <span style="font-size:200%">{{lang|kn|೨}}</span> || एरडु (ಎರಡು) eraḍu || २ || द्वे
|-
| <span style="font-size:200%">{{lang|kn|೩}}</span> || मूरु (ಮೂರು) mūru || ३ || त्रिणि
|-
| <span style="font-size:200%">{{lang|kn|೪}}</span> || नाल्कु (ನಾಲ್ಕು) nālku || ४ || चत्वारि
|-
| <span style="font-size:200%">{{lang|kn|೫}}</span> || ऐदु (ಐದು) aidu || ५ || पञ्च
|-
| <span style="font-size:200%">{{lang|kn|೬}}</span> || आरु (ಆರು) āru || ६ || षट्
|-
| <span style="font-size:200%">{{lang|kn|೭}}</span> || ऎळु (ಏಳು) ēḷu || ७ || सप्त
|-
| <span style="font-size:200%">{{lang|kn|೮}}</span> || एन्टु (ಎಂಟು)enṭu || ८ || अष्ट
|-
| <span style="font-size:200%">{{lang|kn|೯}}</span> || ऒंभत्तु (ಒಂಭತ್ತು)oṃbhattu || ९ || नव
|-
|}
 
==स्वरसहित व्यञ्जनवर्णाः==
"https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/कन्नडलिपिः" इत्यस्माद् प्रतिप्राप्तम्