• kāraṇānupalabdhi - non-perception of a cause
  • kāraṇaviruddhakāryopalabdhi - perception of an effect of what is incompatible with a cause
  • kāraṇaviruddhavyāptopalabdhi - perception of what is pervaded by what is incompatible with a cause
  • kāryahetu - Reason of effect
  • kāryānupalabdhi - Non-perception of an effect
  • kāryaviruddhakāryopalabdhi - perception of an effect of what is incompatible with an effect
  • kāryaviruddhavyāptopalabdhi - perception of what is pervaded by what is incompatible with an effect
  • kāryaviruddhopalabdhi - perception of what is incompatible with an effect


  • liṅga - (inferential) mark
  • lokaviruddha - contradicted by worldly usage


  • nigrahasthāna - point of defeat


  • pakṣa (dharmin) - logical subject
  • pakṣa (pratijñā) - thesis
  • pakṣābhāsa - pseudo-thesis
  • pakṣadharmatā - (a reason's) being a property of the logical subject
  • pakṣadoṣa - fallacy of the thesis
  • parārthānumāna - inference for another
  • pramāṇa - means of valid cognition
  • pramāṇaphala - result of a means of valid cognition
  • prasiddhasambandha - (pseudo-thesis) with a(n already) known connection
  • pratijñā - thesis
  • pratijñāhāni - violation of the thesis
  • pratijñāvirodha - contradiction of the thesis
  • pratyakṣa - perception
  • pratyakṣābhāsa - pseudo-perception
  • pratyakṣaviruddha - contradicted by perception


  • sādhana - proof
  • sādhanābhāsa - pseudo-proof
  • sādhanadharmāsiddha - pseudo-example in which the proving property is unestablished
  • sādhanadoṣa - fallacy of the proof
  • sādhanāvyāvṛtta - pseudo-example which is not excluded from the proving property
  • sādhāraṇa - common
  • sādharmyadṛṣṭānta - example by similarity
  • sādharmyavat parārthānumānam - inference for another having similarity
  • sādharmyeṇa dṛṣṭāntābhāsaḥ - pseudo-example through similarity
  • sādhyadharmāsiddha - pseudo-example in which the property to be proven is unestablished
  • sādhyāvyāvṛtta - from which (the property) to be proven is not excluded
  • sandigdhāsiddha - (a reason that is) unestablished on account of being doubtful
  • sapakṣa - similar instance
  • sapakṣa - what is similar to the logical subject
  • sapakṣaikadeśavṛttir vipakṣavyāpī - occurring in a part of what is similar to the logical subject and pervasively present in what is dissimilar to the logical subject
  • svabhāvahetu - Reason of essential property
  • svabhāvānupalabdhi - Non-perception of the own-being (of the negated object)
  • svabhāvapratibandha - essential connection
  • svabhāvaviruddhakāryopalabdhi - perception of an effect of what is incompatible with the own-being
  • svabhāvaviruddhavyāptopalabdhi - perception of what is pervaded by what is incompatible with the own-being
  • svabhāvaviruddhopalabdhi - perception of what is incompatible with the own-being (of the negated object)
  • svārthānumāna - inference for oneself
  • svavacanaviruddha - contradicted by one's own words


  • trairūpya - three characteristics


  • ubhayapakṣaikadeśavṛtti - inconclusive reason which occurs in some similar and some dissimilar instances
  • ubhayāsiddha (hetu) - (a reason that is) unestablished for both (proponent and opponent)
  • ubhayāsiddha (dṛṣṭānta) - (an example in which) both reason and property to be proven are unestablished
  • ubhayāvyāvṛtta - with both (proving and proved property) not being excluded
  • upalabdhilakṣaṇaprāpti - fulfilment of (all) conditions for a perception


  • vaidharmyadṛṣṭānta - example by dissimilarity
  • vaidharmyavat parārthānumānam - inference for another having dissimilarity
  • vaidharmyeṇa dṛṣṭāntābhāsaḥ - pseudo-example through dissimilarity
  • vipakṣa - dissimilar instance
  • vipakṣaikadeśavṛttiḥ sapakṣavyāpī - occurring in a part of what is dissimilar to the logical subject and pervasively present in what is similar to it
  • viparītānvaya - pseudo-example with reversed positive concomitance
  • viparītavyatireka - with reverse negative concomitance
  • viruddha - contradictory
  • viruddhāvyabhicārin - non-deviating (and establishing two) contradictory (properties)
  • vyāpakānupalabdhi - Non-perception of a pervading (property)
  • vyāpakaviruddhakāryopalabdhi - perception of an effect of what is incompatible with a pervader
  • vyāpakaviruddhavyāptopalabdhi - perception of what is pervaded by what is incompatible with a pervader
  • vyāpakaviruddhopalabdhi - perception of what is incompatible with a pervader
  • vyatireka - negative concomitance

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